What changes took place in vama-based society?

The following changes took place in uama-based society:

  • Smaller castes or jatis emerged within vamas.
  • On the other hand, many tribes and social groups were taken into caste-based society and given the status of jatis.
  • Specialised artisans such as smiths, carpenters and masons were also recognised as separate jatis by the Brahmanas.
  • Jatis rather than vama became the basis for organising society.
  • Among the Kshatriyas, new Rajput clans became powerful.
  • Many tribes became part of the caste system. But only the leading tribal families could join the ruling class. A large majority joined the lower jatis of caste society.
  • Many dominant tribes of Punjab, Sind and the North-West Frontier had adopted Islam. They continued to reject the caste-system.

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