HISTORY

Historians divide the past into periods on the basis of continuity. This continuity is further based on: Coins Inscriptions Architecture Textual records But they face difficulties in doing so as discontinuity exists. Textual records increased tremendously. They gradually displaced other types of available information. Thousand years of human history (or of any country or region) witnessed …

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Historians faced a lot of difficulties while using manuscripts because: There was no printing press in the 13th and 14th centuries. Scribes in those days made manuscripts by hand. To copy was not an easy exercise. Scribes could not read the handwriting of the other writers. They were forced to guess. So there were small but …

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The term ‘pan-regional’ was used in the sense of the areas of empires spanning diverge regions. The dynasties like Cholas, Khaljis, Tughluqs, and Mughals extended their empires pan-regional. Though, not all these empires were equally stable or successful. But pan-regional rule altered the character of the regions. Most of the regions across the subcontinent were …

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The affairs of jatis were regulated in the following way: Jatis formed their own rules and regulations. There was an assembly of elders called jati panchayat. It enforced the rules and regulations. Jatis were also directed to follow the rules of the village. Several villages were governed by a chieftain.

The meaning of the term ‘Hindustan’ has changed over the centuries in the following manner: In the thirteenth century Minhaj-i-Siraj used the term ‘Hindustan’. He meant areas of Punjab, Haryana and the lands between Ganga and Yamuna. He used this term in a political sense that were a part of the dominions of the Delhi …

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Some of the major significant religious developments occurred in Hinduism. The worship of new deities, the construction of temples by royalty and growing importance of Brahmanas, the priests, as dominant groups in society were the new changes. Brahmanas’ importance grew due to their knowledge of Sanskrit language. They were patronized by the Emperors. The idea …

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Some of the technological changes associated with this period are: Persian wheel in irrigation. Spinning wheel. Fire-arms in combat.

The term ‘foreigner’ is used in the sense of a person who is not an Indian. In the medieval period it was applied to any stranger who appeared, say in a given village, someone who was not a part of that society or culture. In this sense a forest-dweller was a foreigner for a city-dweller. …

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Sea caves are formed when sea waves erode the cracks and make them hollow. As the waves keep striking the rocks, the cavities keep becoming bigger and bigger and ultimately Form Sea arches. Further erosion by the waves breaks the roof, leaving only the walls. Such structures are known as stacks.

Flood irrigation supplies water to a field through pipes or ditches. Water flows over the ground and through the crop. Levees and gates are often used to control water depth. In Missouri, flood irrigation is commonly used in rice fields by cascade or side-let methods.