(i) Man modifies his environment because of his growing needs. He is capable of modifying it according to his need to live a comfortable life.…Question 3. Col-1 Col-2 Biosphere blanket of air which surrounds the earth Atmosphere domain of water Hydrosphere gravitational force of the earth
Introduction. The Rajatarangini (literally, River of Kings) is an epic poem (mahakavya/prabandha) composed in the classical language, Sanskrit, in 1148‑50 in Kashmir (part of the modern state of Jammu and Kashmir, India).
Rajatarangini ‘s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852.
Notes: Sultan Sikandar established a department to translate Sanskrit works into Persia and vice versa in Kashmir. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana’s Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement.
Manuscripts are the old books that give handwritten accounts. 2. These were written on leaves and barks of trees. 1. Inscriptions are engraved form of writing used for various purposes.
Inscriptions Inscriptions are writings engraved on hard surfaces like stones, metals, etc. These are generally composed in praise of kings in particular, and patrons in general by the poets.
Al-Biruni’s Kitab-ul-Hind, was written in Arabic. It is simple and lucid. It is a voluminous text, divided into 80 chapters on subjects such as religion and philosophy, festivals, astronomy, alchemy, manners and customs, social life, weights and measures, iconography, laws and metrology.
Tārīkh al-HindIn 1017 he travelled to the Indian subcontinent and wrote a treatise on Indian culture entitled Tārīkh al-Hind (History of India), after exploring the Hindu faith practiced in India.
Muhammad ibn ʻAbd al-Jabbar ʻUtbiAl-Kitāb al-Yamīnī is a history of the early Ghaznavid dynasty, composed in Arabic sometime after 1020 by Muhammad ibn ʻAbd al-Jabbar ʻUtbi (died 1035 or 1036), a secretary and courtier who served the first two Ghaznavid rulers and personally witnessed many of the events recounted in the book.
