A budget surplus occurs when income exceeds expenditures. The term often refers to a government’s financial state, as individuals have “savings” rather than a “budget surplus.” A surplus is an indication that a government’s finances are being effectively managed.
A surplus is when you have more of something than you need or plan to use. For example, when you cook a meal, if you have food remaining after everyone has eaten, you have a surplus of food.
A surplus describes the amount of an asset or resource that exceeds the portion that’s actively utilized. A surplus can refer to a host of different items, including income, profits, capital, and goods.
an amount of something left over when requirements have been met; an excess of production or supply.”exports of food surpluses”
Orbits are eliptical because of Newtons Law of Gravity (bodies attract each other in proportion to their mass and inversly proportional to the square of the distance between them). All worked out by Kepler some years ago. A circular orbit is a special (and very unlikely) case of an eliptical orbit.
The Earth’s orbit can appear to be a circle, but technically it’s elliptical. This is proven by Kepler’s first law, which says that the orbit of a planet isn’t always the same distance from the Sun.
Circular orbits are the simplest kinds of orbits in celestial mechanics, where an orbiting body remains at constant radius as it travels around a gravitating mass.
This is due, for example, to the fact that when the Earth is closer to the Sun in its elliptical orbit it orbits faster, while when it is further away it orbits slower, averaging to a value equivalent to that of a circular orbit.
Ellipses are closed so the planets we see in elliptical orbits stick around. A circle is a special case of an ellipse and it is theoretically possible for an orbit to be circular. In the real world, a such an orbit is unlikely.
Using the precise data that Tycho had collected, Kepler discovered that the orbit of Mars was an ellipse. In 1609 he published Astronomia Nova, delineating his discoveries, which are now called Kepler’s first two laws of planetary motion.
